To Investigate the Heating Effect of an Electric Current Essays

To Investigate the Heating Effect of an Electric Current Essays To Investigate the Heating Effect of an Electric Current Essay To Investigate the Heating Effect of an Electric Current Essay Essay Topic: Current Conduction is best in solids and considerably weaker in liquids and gases. This transfer relies on the movement of atoms and molecules. For example, if a part of a material is hotter than another part, then the hotter part has more energy than the surrounding parts. Whenever you heat any substance there is an increased amount of motion from atoms and molecules. When you heat a gas, for example, the speed at which the atoms and molecules move around increases but when you heat a solid or even a liquid the atoms and molecules vibrate more. The atoms and molecules in the substance are therefore responsible for conduction. In a gas and liquid, conduction is poor because the atoms and molecules are further apart than in a solid where they are closely held with strong bonds. Metals such as silver, copper and aluminium are good conductors.Convection takes place only in fluids (liquids and gases). Convection currents are examples of floating and sinking. When a part o f a fluid is heated and made warmer the molecules expand and rise because they are less dense than the cold parts of the fluid where the molecules sink downwards because they are more dense.All objects give out some thermal radiation. The higher the temperature of any object the more energy it radiates per second. The thermal radiation is most of the time given out as infrared waves (invisible) but very hot objects give out light waves (visible). A matt black surface is the best emitter and absorber of heat energy but is the worst reflector. A white or silver surface is a poor emitter and absorber but a very good reflector.Evaporation is the process where particles from a liquid form a vapour when the temperature of the liquid is below its boiling point. Evaporation can only take place from the surface of a liquid. This is because here the molecules have enough energy to evaporate, as there are less attractive forces from neighbouring molecules preventing it.Factors that May Affect the Heating Effect2 The voltage of the power supply could be measured using a voltmeter and a varying nominal voltage on the power supply. Though an increase in voltage would result in an increase of the current in the circuit, therefore it is not an independent variable.3 The starting temperature of the water and room must be kept constant for a fair experiment. To keep the water at the start the same temperature we should replace the water every time we finish a list of readings. Some parts of the room may be at different temperature than others and so it is difficult to keep the room temperature constant.4 The material of the beaker or cup will be an important factor as different materials are good at conducting and radiating heat energy. For example, a polystyrene cup would reduce heat loss as it acts as insulator.5 The mass therefore the volume of the water is important because different amounts of water will take different lengths of time to be heated and so we must keep the m ass or volume of the water the same throughout every experiment.6 The depth that the heating element is submerged in the water should be the same every time and have the same position e.g. the center for each experiment.7 External air pressure would vary but in this experiment an airtight room is not available to use.8 The internal resistance of the heating element as the greater the resistance the slower the rise in temperature of the water but resistance will be affected by both the current and the voltage.For my experiment, I have chosen to vary the current while keeping the all the other factors constant. It is important that the other factors are kept constant for a fair test and to show that a change in current will actually affect the rise in temperature of the water.MethodApparatusA few electrical wiresSome aluminium foil1à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ Beaker1à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ Heating Element1à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ Thermometer2à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ Clamps1à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ Glass rod1à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ Voltmeter1à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½Amm eter1à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ Variable Resistor1à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ Battery Pack1à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ Stopwatch1à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ Retort Stand1à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ BalanceDiagramIn this experiment we are measuring the rise in temperature over a fixed amount of time, which here is 5 minutes. The heating element should be connected in series to a DC battery pack using 12V, an ammeter and a variable resistor in series with a voltmeter parallel to the heating element. The heating element would then be submerged into the beaker, at the same depth every time, that is covered inside and outside with aluminium foil. Aluminium is a good conductor and therefore is a better one than glass, which is a poor conductor. Aluminium foiled is used to reduce the heat loss because when the beaker is covered there remains a small gap of air between it and the aluminium foil. We know from theory that air is a very poor conductor therefore we are reducing the heat loss, which is what we want. The beaker should contain 200cm3 of water with a mas s of 202g. Both the glass rod and thermometer should then be placed into the beaker. The glass rod is used to stir the water so that it is uniformly heated and the thermometer is needed to record the temperature of the water.For the first experiment, the current should be 0.5A having set this current using the variable resistor we should place the heating element into the water and start the stopwatch. Then record the temperature every 30 seconds using the stopwatch. When it has been 5 minutes the battery back should be switched off and the heating element removed from the water. Now we have completed the first experiment using 0.5A. Before changing the current to 1A we should first let the heating element cool down for a few minutes so it can be acclimatised to the temperature it was used for 1A. Secondly the water should be replaced with the same type of water used, e.g. tap water and then the mass should be the same also. We need to replace the water because if we dont then the h eat losses are not going to be the same every time. The beaker would therefore be emptied and then should be washed out and allowed to cool before the next experiment. The current then should be set to 1A and the temperature recorded for the next 5 minutes. These steps should be repeated up to 5A and 5 minutes for each of the current readings.Safety PrecautionsIt is necessary to wear safety goggles to protect the eyes even though the temperature of the water will not be high enough for it to boil. The apparatus should not be placed at the end of the bench and all water should be handled carefully without spilling any on the electrical equipment and wires being used. When moving or dealing with the hot heating element after each experiment, it should consider that you hold it from the rubber end where it is not hot.PredictionI predict that as the current increases the heating effect of the heating element will increase therefore the water will rise to a higher temperature in a shorte r space of time. I predict this because if there is a higher current passing through the heating element then it will heat up the water even more. If this happens then there is a larger transfer of electrical energy to heat energy taking place. This can be proven by this equation:That can be made simpler into:If we can find out how much energy the heating element gives out into the water then we are also able to find out how much heat energy is absorbed by the water using this formulae:The specific heat capacity of water is 4200 J/kg/?C (Complete Physics; Stephen Pople).Bibliography1 My own knowledge2 Physics Classbook; Graham Booth3 Complete Physics; Stephen PopleTo Investigate the Heating Effect of an Electric CurrentCollection of DataTemperature ?CTime (s)03060901201501802102402703000.519191919202020202020211.019191919202020212121221.519191920202121212122232.019202020212122232323242.519202020212121222323253.019202021222223242525263.519202121222324242526264.01920212223242425262728 4.519212122232425262728295.01921222324252628293032To Investigate the Heating Effect of an Electric Current1 As I predicted the change in temperature increased as the current increased therefore the water was getting hotter quicker as the current got higher.In order to show a pattern or trend from my results, I need to be able to plot a graph therefore I have made this table using my Collection of Data in the Obtaining Evidence section.I/AI2/A2?Q/à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½C0.50.2521.01.0031.52.2542.04.0052.56.2563.09.0073.512.2574.016.0094.520.25105.025.00

Fun Facts About the Channel Tunnel

Fun Facts About the Channel Tunnel The  Channel Tunnel  is an underwater rail tunnel that runs beneath the English Channel, connecting Folkestone, Kent in the United Kingdom to Coquelles, Pas-de-Calais in France. It is more colloquially known as the Chunnel.   The Channel Tunnel officially opened on May 6, 1994. An engineering feat, the Channel Tunnel is an impressive piece of infrastructure. Over 13,000 skilled and unskilled workers were hired to build the Channel Tunnel. Do you know how much a ticket through the tunnel costs? How long are the tunnels? And what does rabies have to do with the history of the Channel Tunnel? Learn how to answer these questions with this list of interesting and fun facts about the tunnel. How Many Tunnels The Channel Tunnel consists of three tunnels: two running tunnels carry the trains and a smaller, middle tunnel is used as a service tunnel. Cost of Fare The cost of tickets to use the Channel Tunnel varies depending on what time of day you go, the day and the size of your vehicle. In 2010, prices for a standard car ranged from  £49 to  £75 (about $78 to $120). You can book travel online. Channel Tunnel Dimensions The Channel Tunnel is 31.35 miles long, with 24 of those miles located under water. However, since there are three tunnels that travel from Great Britain to France, with many small tunnels that connect the three main ones, the total tunnel length is about 95 miles worth of tunnel. It takes a total of 35 minutes to travel across the Channel Tunnel, from  terminal  to terminal. The running tunnels, the two tunnels on which the trains run, are 24-feet in diameter. The northern running tunnel carries passengers from England to France. The southern running tunnel carries passengers from France to England. Cost of Construction Although at first estimated at $3.6 billion, the Channel Tunnel project came in way over budget at over $15 billion when finished. Rabies One of the biggest fears about the Channel Tunnel was the potential spread of rabies. In addition to worrying about invasions from the European mainland, the British were worried about rabies. Since Great Britain had been rabies-free since 1902, they worried that infected animals could come through the tunnel and reintroduce the disease to the island. A lot of design elements were added to the Channel Tunnel to make sure this could not happen. The Drills Each TBM, or tunnel boring machine, used during construction of the Channel Tunnel was 750 feet long and weighed over 15,000 tons. They could cut through the chalk at a rate of about 15 feet per hour. In total, 11 TBMs were needed to build the Channel Tunnel. The Spoil Spoil was the name used for the chunks of chalk removed by the TBMs while digging the Channel Tunnel. Since millions of cubic feet of chalk would be removed during the project, a place had to be found to deposit all this debris. The British Solution to Spoil After much discussion, the British decided to dump their portion of the spoil into the sea. However, so as not to pollute the English Channel with chalk sediment, a gigantic sea wall made of sheet metal and concrete had to be built to keep the chalk debris contained. Since the chunks of chalk were piled higher than sea level, the resulting land that was created totaled about 73 acres and was eventually called Samphire Hoe. Samphire Hoe was seeded with wildflowers and is now a recreation site. The French Solution to Spoil Unlike the British who were concerned about ruining the nearby Shakespeare Cliff, the French were able to take their portion of the spoil and dump it nearby, creating a new hill that was later landscaped. Fire On November 18, 1996, many peoples fears about the Channel Tunnel came truea fire raged in one of the Channel Tunnels. As a train raced through the southern tunnel, a fire had started on board. The train was forced to stop in the middle of the tunnel, not close to either Britain or France. Smoke filled the corridor and many of the passengers were overwhelmed by the smoke. After 20 minutes, all the passengers were rescued, but the fire continued to rage. The fire managed to do considerable damage to both the train and the tunnel before it was put out. Illegal Immigrants The British were afraid of both invasions and of rabies, but no one had considered that thousands of illegal immigrants would try to use the Channel Tunnel to enter into the United Kingdom. Many additional security devices have had to be installed to try to inhibit and stop this large influx of illegal immigrants.

Eliminating Preventable Morbidity and Escapable Mortality Essay

Eliminating Preventable Morbidity and Escapable Mortality - Essay Example This paper declares that morbidity and mortality have increased as world societies increasingly get sophisticated. Governments and non-state actors have attempted various strategies that are meant to address the question. Some of the strategies have produced remarkable outcomes while others appear less sustainable. Generally, the development of sound strategies for addressing this challenge has involved structural changes, training, empowering of the vulnerable groups, insurance, technological advancement, and a range of other strategies that are meant to shield populations from the causative factors of mortality and morbidity. This essay makes a conclusion that the challenge that faces the chosen approaches often involve the lack of sustainable mechanisms that can be relied upon to manage the processes of treatment and dispensing other services and strategies that are meant to protect the populations of the world. The different strategies and players should coordinate their services in ways that would ensure some form of balance and effectiveness in the services. Vulnerable groups should be identified in accordance with the demographics of place, gender, socio-economic status and other factors. Equally, some of the most common diseases and conditions should be identified in order to make it possible for the right intervention measures to be used. Essentially, the long terms strategy should be the reversing of trends and influences.

Values and Meaning of Attending College Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Values and Meaning of Attending College - Essay Example In contrast to an individualist purpose for attending college, Boyer believes the college has an obligation to teach â€Å"a more coherent view of knowledge and a more integrated life† (Steltenpohl & J. Shipton, 1995, p. 18). In addition, he warns that we must be â€Å"mindful of the consequences of selfishness† (p. 18). Boyer does not provide a defense of individualism, even though he says it is â€Å"necessary† (p. 18). Instead, Boyer relies only on his defense of community in making his case for two essential goals. The problem is that Boyer does not actually believe in individualism when he claims colleges have an obligation (or duty) to enforce this idea of a more â€Å"coherent† or â€Å"integrated† life. A perspective that believes in individuals to develop their own views on knowledge or life would advocate for an obligation or duty for colleges to present knowledge to students and to allow them to form their own judgments. The purpose, or g oal, of college is not to give students a passage, but rather to present facts and objective information. A â€Å"passage† sounds inherently biased toward whatever values the college seeks to supply their students with. While this kind of education—such as that provided by Christian private colleges—has a demand, but that demand is specific and does not represent the general purpose of college. Indeed, having students personally powered and committed to the common good is potentially valuable, but not if that commitment undermines their autonomy. The result of Boyer’s perspective is clearly laid out by Perkinson in his essay â€Å"The Educated Person: A Changing Ideal,† specifically in his treatment of John Dewey and socialization (Steltenpohl & J. Shipton, 1995, p. 36). Dewey and pragmatist philosophers advocated schools as tools for producing intelligent decision-makers in a participant democracy. In reality, what this meant was that loyal citize ns coming out of public schools were not â€Å"leaders, but functionaries† (p. 36). Everyone coming out of schools was equipped with common values, beliefs, and attitudes serving the American status quo. Economically, every child was prepared to accept his or her role as a cog in a production system. This is the logical result of the kind of solution that Boyer seeks by telling colleges that they have an obligation to teach their students how to be members of a community. However, Boyer and Dewey have been influential enough to change American education at their core. One can see this influence even in our Brandman catalog, which withholds degrees from students who have not completed the sometimes-irrelevant education requirements. The opposite perspective—that we ought to be honoring the role of the individual in education—is borne out by Whitehead in â€Å"Universities and their Function† (Steltenpohl & J. Shipton, 1995, p. 38). Whitehead locates the â €Å"proper function of a university† in â€Å"the imaginative acquisition of knowledge† (p. 39). Imagination is an individual ability and does not depend on a community. When one looks around a college classroom, one does not see a group of people engaged in the attempt to better their community through the process of learning. While Boyer would think this is a problem, Whitehead is more concerned with whether individuals are involved in an imaginative acquisition of knowledge. The imaginative pursuit of knowledge, one would suspect, might lead to an individual developing his own

Thrust Vectoring :: War Technology Technological Essays

Thrust Vectoring Imagine two US Air Force Jets with controls not responding, they are heading right for each other, the pilots don’t have enough time to eject, there’s a mid-air explosion, and the needless death of American servicemen. About one fifth of peacetime fighter losses during the past few years were due to loss of control. Now imagine that the US has been developing the technology to prevent this for the last decade, but due to budget problems this technology was never installed on our fighters. I’m talking about a Thrust Vectoring. This engineering term describes the use of an engines nozzle to direct the force coming from a jet engine in different directions other then straight out the back. Besides tragic, needless deaths, this technology has a military significance for front line fighter jets. With the wars in Iraq and Afghanistan, Americans have seen the devastating power of our Air Force on Countries without a serious Air Defense network, like Is rael or Great Britain. These are countries with not just a Surface to Air Missile (SAM) threat, but an Air Force that can rival ours in its current state. Thrust Vectoring is the technology that will make our fighter jets true rulers of the air, not just on bombing runs, but air-to-air combat, better know as â€Å"Dog Fighting†. Thrust Vectoring was first used in a trivial form on Nazi Germany’s V-2 rockets. These rockets were devastating to the Allies in WWII with their accuracy due to graphite control vanes that helped the guidance of the missile. Modern rockets, both SAMs and Air-to-Air missiles have been using thrust vectoring to increase their agility in flight, and hence make them more lethal. During the Cold War German military planers recognized the shear numbers of Soviet fighters, and believing that any war would include intense Dog Fighting, began to look for ways to even the odds. Wolfgang Herbst with the Messerschmitt-Boelkow-Blohm, now Deutsche Aerospace, Company led a team in Post-Stall engineering. Post-Stall describes a flight condition in which normal flight controls, like flaps, are no longer sufficient to maintain the flight ability of the aircraft. His team investigated new flight laws to describe the movement of an aircraft in Post-Stall flying conditions.

Literary Devices Used in Macbe Essay

Imagine how dull a Shakespearean play would be without the ingenious literary devices and techniques that contribute so much to the fulfillment of its reader or viewer. Macbeth, by William Shakespeare, is a tragedy that combines fact and legend to tell the story of an eleventh century king. Shakespeare uses numerous types of literary techniques to make this tragic play more appealing. Three literary devices that Shakespeare uses to make Macbeth more interesting and effective are irony, symbolism, and imagery. One technique that Shakespeare uses is irony. Verbal irony is when a character says one thing but means the opposite. When a reader understands the irony of what a character is saying, then he can truly understand the nature and intentions of the character. An example of verbal irony is when Macbeth says to Banquo, â€Å"Tonight we hold a solemn supper, sir,/ And I’ll request your presence† (Macbeth 3. 1. 13-14). The reader soon discovers that Banquo never makes it to the banquet because he is brutally murdered by order of Macbeth. Shakespeare also uses situation irony. This occurs when the results of an action or event are different than what is expected. An example of situation irony occurs when Macduff talks to Malcolm and discusses the tragedies that are taking place in Scotland. Without knowing that his own family has been slain Macduff says, † Each new morn/ New widows howl, new orphans cry, new sorrows/ Strike heaven on the face† (4. 3. 4-6). Ironically, Macduff comments about widows, while he is completely unaware that he is a widower himself. Irony, a key element to a tragic play like Macbeth, has the ability to make the tragic hero appear more villainous or the down-fall seem even more tragic. The second type of literary device that Shakespeare uses in Macbeth is symbolism. The predominant symbol is blood and is used as an effective method to describe the theme of the play. Not only does blood symbolize bravery, it is also a means of showing treachery and treason and probably most importantly, guilt. One example of bravery occurs when the captain says, â€Å"For brave Macbeth? well he deserves that name–/Disdaining fortune, with his brandished steel,/Which smoked with bloody execution†(1. 2. 16-18). Soon after this blood changes into a representation of treachery and treason. Lady Macbeth asks the spirits to â€Å"Make thick my blood,/ Stop up th’ access and passage to remorse† (1. 5. 43-44). She asks the spirits to take away compassion and make her remorseless for the actions she is about to take. Also, when Ross asks, â€Å"Is’t known who did this more than bloody deed? † (2. 4. 22), he tries to figure out who performed the disloyal act of murdering the king. Blood is also used many times to express the guilt-ridden consciences of the characters. For instance, Macbeth says, â€Å"What hands are here? Ha! They pluck out mine own eyes! / Will all great Neptune’s ocean wash the blood/ Clean from my hand? † (2. 3. 58-60). Macbeth obviously feels guilty for killing Duncan in cold blood. Later in the play, Lady Macbeth reveals her guilt while sleepwalking. She walks through the castle carrying a candle. She often sits the candle down and begins to rub her hands as if she is trying to wash them. In her somber state, she cries out: What need we fear who knows it, when none can call our pow’r to accompt? Yet who would have thought the old man to have so much blood in him? (5. 1. 38-41). Lady Macbeth feels as though she cannot wipe clean her blood stained hands. This is a bit ironic since earlier she told Macbeth, â€Å"A little water clears us of this deed† (2. 2. 66). Lady Macbeth has many dreams and fantasies about blood, which shows that she cannot clear her conscience of this brutal act. Another literary technique that is used in Macbeth is word imagery. Word imagery is a term for a metaphor, a comparison that does not use the words â€Å"like† or â€Å"as†. One of the best examples of this is clothing imagery. For instance, Ross tells Macbeth that he has been named Thane of Cawdor, and Macbeth says, â€Å"The Thane of Cawdor lives. Why do you dress me in/ Borrowed robes? † (1. 3. 108-109). Macbeth asks why Ross is telling him this. This title is like new clothes to him, but this title and these clothes should still belong to the former Thane of Cawdor. Another example of clothing imagery occurs when Macbeth tells his wife that he has second thoughts of killing Duncan. He says, â€Å"I have bought/ Golden opinions from all sorts of people,/ Which would be worn now in their newest gloss† (1. 7. 32-34). Lady Macbeth thinks he is being irrational. Macbeth knows that he is the center of attention now because he saved the country. He also knows that if he kills Duncan everyone would be more interested in the death of their king than in their hero, Macbeth. Shakespeare’s work reveals that he knew how to make a play a work of art. Through his use of irony, symbolism, and imagery he is able to grab the reader or the viewer’s attention and keep it. These elements have contributed to the endurance of his works for centuries, and they will help it to endure for centuries to come. Without the use of these techniques, Macbeth would not be the tragic play that it is. This play would lack very important methods that help idealize the characters in the play.

Real and Cyber World Threats - 654 Words

Every day we are prone to threats against our lives that may harm us in many ways, in the real world and cyber world. In the cyber realm, we have a big issue with something called malware; malware is malicious software that comes in many forms. It may attack in many ways at any time or place; that is why there is a lot of research going into figuring out how malware works. Malware costs people in the US alone billions of dollars yearly (Consumer Reports Magazine). There are many types of malware such as: Viruses, Trojan horses, Phishing, Worms, and Spyware. They work in many different ways but they all corrupt something in the everyday lives of the computer users. First off, Phishing, poses as a real legitimate such as: bank websites. It wants you to go to the link while it â€Å"fishes† for the data you provide on the site. Spyware is a monitor of your personal use on your computer. It sends advertising info after it has your data, this is one of the most difficult to get rid of. Trojan horses, like Phishing, may be covered and look like a real program and have actual function but it can delete data and compromise security. A Virus, we all have heard of a virus before. It is the most common known to man. A Virus infects your computer by overtaking the control of the computer it also looks for sensitive data like, credit card info, passwords , etc. Lastly, there are Worms. Worms are usually sent through email and they venture out into your address book; creating aShow MoreRelatedCyber Attack And Cyber Attacks Essay1656 Words   |  7 Pagesa terror attack and this is the cyber-attack and threats. Cyber-attacks can be responsible for large mass destructions by making all systems connected to cyber networks fail to work (Rhodes 20). An example is the Morris worm that affected the world cyber infrastructures and caused them to slow down to a position of being impractical. 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