Extending a Kantian Dichotomy to a Poincaréan Trichotomy :: Philosophy Philosophical Papers

Extending a Kantian Dichotomy to a Poincarà ©an Trichotomy ABSTRACT: I argue for the possibility of knowledge by invention which is neither à ¡ priori nor à ¡ posteriori. My conception of knowledge by invention evolves from Poincarà ©Ã¢â‚¬â„¢s conventionalism, but unlike Poincarà ©Ã¢â‚¬â„¢s conventions, propositions known by invention have a truth value. An individuating criteria for this type of knowledge is conjectured. The proposition known through invention is: gounded historically in the discipline to which it belongs; a result of the careful, sincere and objective quest and effort of the knower; chosen freely by the inventer or knower; and, private in its invention but public once invented. I extend knowledge by invention to include the knowledge of the invented proposition by those who do not invent it but accept it as a convention for good reasons. Finally, knowledge by invention combined with a revisionist, Platonist definition of knowledge as actively justified true belief provides a pedagogical model reviving the proactive spi rit of the Socratic method with an emphasis on invention and activity and a de-emphasis on information gathering and passivity. I. Introduction Kant's à   priori - à   posteriori and analytic - synthetic distinctions inaugurated Modern epistemology and provided the architecture for knowledge in mathematics, science and metaphysics. (1) The product of the two distinctions yields three kinds of knowledge: synthetic à   priori, analytic à   priori and synthetic à   posteriori; analytic à   posteriori being impossible. For Kant propositions like; "7+5=12," "all bodies have mass" and "every event has a cause." were synthetic and known à   priorily. (2) Post-Kantian philosophy witnessed an attack on the possibility of synthetic à   priori knowledge such as the rejections of analysis, geometry and arithmetic as synthetic à   priori by Bolzano, Helmholtz and Frege respectively. (3) These were motivated by a fear that Kant's conceptualism, of the mind imposing space and time on the world, may lead to anti-realism, such as that of Husserl's bracketing the existence of the world based on his extensions of Descartes and Kant. ( 4) Nominalism and idealism are anti-realist but conceptualism and conventionalism need not be. I extend the typology of knowledge by adding knowledge by invention. Many fundamental propositions of mathematics, science and metaphysics hence shift from the realm of synthetic à   priori to the realm of knowledge by invention. For Poincarà © fundamental definitions of mathematics are neither à   priori nor à   posteriori, but conventional. I suggest that "conventional" means "known by invention." I will argue in this paper for this unconventional interpretation of Poincarà ©'s conventionalism.

Acme Fireworks Essay

Introduction As the owner of Acme Fireworks you have asked me, you manager, to review and explain some ideas to you. In the following pages I have explained the potential personal liability for injuries to consumers and what must be on our labels for safety. Analyzed the newly formed contracts with the retailers and the employment and expansion that are needed for Acme to go along with the new contracts, and then concluding with the change of the business entity. As we go forward with the growth of the business, we want to be sure things are done properly and that we will meet or exceed our consumer and customers’ standards at Acme Fireworks. Personal Liability As you are aware you our company needs to be sure that our consumers are aware of two key things their own liability, and warnings. Our consumers need to be aware that when they use our products that they alone are responsible for any damage done by the firing of the firework is their responsibility and not ours. Insurance companies are saying â€Å"you can’t always control who is watching your fireworks display and never know who might file a lawsuit against you for any bodily harm caused by a roge firework. Despite how complicated fireworks liability may sound, making sure you’re covered in the event of injuries or property damage is as simple as finding the right custom fireworks insurance plan that can be designed exactly for your needs (Xinsurance, 2009).† Our labels as you know must contain the following items for consumers’ safety and per Title 16 of the Code of Federal Regulations. Every fireworks  device must have: A label with a signal word, either WARNING or CAUTION; A statement describing the hazard(s) associated with the device, such as A statement describing the hazard(s) associated with the device, such as â€Å"SHOOTS FLAMING BALLS† or â€Å"EMITS SHOWERS OR SPARKS†; And information describing the actions to be followed or avoided in order to store, handle and use the device safely (Consumer Products Safety Commission, 2001). The company will need to take steps to ensure that the customer is protected and the integrity of the company is not compromised. Accepting personal liability for the letting of fireworks requires that the customer has a working knowledge of the operation of the pyrotechnics. There is a great level of responsibility accepted by our company for selling fireworks and to the consumer letting them off. Consumer accepts full responsibility for any damages in the use of products purchased from Acme Fireworks. Contract From what you have told me already, Event Palace and Party Store have submitted a request for large quantity orders on an ongoing, regular, basis. You have responded that Acme Fireworks agrees that we have the ability to fulfill the large orders requested, furthermore, both retailers and Acme Fireworks have agreed on a cost of $500.00 per case. As your manager, this constitutes an implied contract with these retailers and it is appropriate to act upon it quickly and get a simple contract drawn up for each of the retailer, signed by the proper people. First off I will give you some of the definitions of what should be in the contract, i.e. offer, terms, clauses, and acceptance, once complete, I will have an example of what I think the contract should contain. An offer must, â€Å"contain a clear promise to enter into a contract, must have reasonably certain terms, and must be communicated by the promisor (the person making the promise ) to the promise (the person to whom the promise is made)† (Rogers, 2012). Terms are what we and the retailers want from each other and what we expect in return; clauses are ways out of the contract if something unforeseen happens to either of the retailers or Acme. Finally, acceptance is where the responsible parties’ purchasing personnel, would sign the contract. Acme Fireworks will provide Event Palace with a minimum of 500 cases per month at a cost of $500 per case for the next two years, with the understanding that Event palace must place an order no later than 3 weeks prior to their next shipment. If Event Palace needs a quick shipment or a special order of $300 or more Acme would need to have that item in stock or they would need to add it to the next order, or pay additional prices for rush delivery. If an unforeseen and/or uncontrollable event happens to either party, they may have the option to back out of the contract, for a negotiated period of time, for repairs or termination of the contract, if necessary. Conditions such as but not limited, but not limited to, weather conditions, store, warehouse, or personal property damage. The contract will be kept in force, until canceled or terminated by agreed upon terms by all parties. New employment Once we get the contract back from the retailers we need to sit down with Nancy, our Human Resources, and get started with the hiring. For hiring the new employees that we will need for the addition work, the steps of advertising for the positions, scheduling interviews, and meeting to choose the correct candidates must be taken. Let us start off by writing the job descriptions down so we have clear definitions of what each job will entail. Then we can go to placing a couple of online ads with our local unemployment and the local online job agencies. Then contact the three local Employment Agencies and have them do some of the pre screening for us. With increasing our employee numbers above 15 we will have to ensure that each of our employees will not have any type of discrimination being hired. This will keep us in compliance with the 1964 Civil Rights Act. Once we have the hiring going we will need to watch our scheduling to ensure that we follow the proper Fair Labor Standards Act of 1938 on the regulations, minimum wage hours worked, overtime, employee breaks and we also follow the Occupational Safety and Health Act of 1970 for the continued health and safety of the business (Rogers, 2012). We want to ensure that employees, both current and new have the understanding of what we expect of them as well as their rights. To do that  we need to gather up important information that each employee should know at all times, including the US regulation on handling and storing the explosive powers and form an employee handbook. In the employee handbook we need to include: Non-Disclosure and Conflict of Interest Statements, Compensation, Work Scheduling, Standard of Conduct, General Employment Information (Labor Laws, Minimum Wedge, and Termination Policy), Safety and Security, Media Relations, Employee Benefits and Leave Policies (Small Business Administration 2014). We can have this book on the production floor, available to take home and available to read on one in the break room computers. With the above changes into place I would like to make one more suggestion, as the Manager of the Acme Fireworks with all the new contracts and the new employees I would like to recommend that we move to a small warehouse located down by the docks in the marina area that has not been in use for a couple of years. The real-estate price is not high for a two year lease and then we could reevaluate where our business has grown; we can still keep the Payroll, and Human Resources here in the garage. I just think this will help the business. Business Entity My suggestion as your manager would be to go Limited Liability Company (LLC) and expand to a production warehouse and a sales office. Our current is the entity of a Sole Proprietor, which is good because you and your business are one in the same. The taxes are easy your file one form each year that contain your family and your business and then you are done. You have complete control of what is said and done within the business; no one else has the right to seek for your business. The disadvantage of the sole ownership is that if someone got hurt in the business and sued you they are also suing your family as well. You cannot sell stock in your business so it is hard to raise money and most investors will not invest, and banks are very hesitant to lend money. I would go to a Single Owner Limited Liability Company. The principal advantage of an LLC is that it is structured like a partnership but with limited liability protection for the owner similar to a corporation. Because an LLC is considered a separate entity from its owner, the owner cannot be held personally liable for its debts and obligations of the LLC, absent any fraud. With this choice you would still be the owner, but you would have limited liability, and your families saving and life  would not be interrupted if something happened to the business. The taxes in an LLC â€Å"are not taxed as a separate business entity. Instead, all profits and losses are â€Å"passed through† the business for each member of the LLC. LLC members report profits and losses on their personal federal tax returns, just like the owners of a partnership would (Small Business Administration 2014)†, or yourself if you choose not to have members. Members can be anyone of your choosing that you would want to share the profits and ownership respo nsibilities. Conclusion As this paper come to an end, I have covered each of the aspects that you the owner of Acme Fireworks as requested I cover. I have covered a lot of material in a short amount of time for you and all very helpful for our growing business. Please use the information wisely and understanding that I am trying to help our business grow in the right way. As a growing company, we need to ensure that our consumers know their rights and we need to ensure that our products have the proper labeling to follow the US Federal Regulations Title 16. With the oncoming of the new contracts and employees the growth of the company I recommend that we as a company go to a Sole Proprietor LLC. This you can protect your business and your family as we grow your business. As always, please feel free to come and talk to me about anything. References Consumer Products Safety Commission (2001) Fireworks Business Guidance Retrieved on August 24, 2014 from https://www.cpsc.gov/en/Business–Manufacturing/Business-Education/Business-Guidance/Fireworks/ Rogers, S. (2012). Essentials of Business Law. San Diego, CA: Bridgepoint Education, Inc. Small Business Administration (2014) Employee Handbook Retrieved on August 24, 2014 from http://www.sba.gov/content/employee-handbooks Small Business Administration (2014) Limited Liability Company Retrieved on August 24, 2014 from http://www.sba.gov/content/limited-liability-company-llc Small Business Administration (2014) Sole Proprietorship Retrieved on August 24, 2014 http://www.sba.gov/content/sole-proprietorship-0 Xinsurane 2009, Event Home

Relationship between RMG Export growth and GDP of Bangladesh

Karakul Hosing, Professor of the Department of Finance, University of Dacha for his constant supervision, moral support, valuable instruction, & helpful advice during the course of studies & research work. Finally, I am deeply indebted to my family, teachers, & friends whose invaluable support & encouragement have done much to make this report a successful one. Description ARM Redeemed garments Export A function of international trade whereby goods produced in one country is shipped to another country for future sale or trade.GAP The monetary value of all the finished goods and services produced within a country's borders in a specific period, though GAP is usually calculated on an annual basis. It includes all of private and public consumption, government outlays, investments, and exports less imports that occur within a defined territory. PEP Exports Promotion Burro Qualitative control Acceptance sampling, can be used when a decision must be made to accept or reject a group of part s or items based on the quality found in a sample. Net Exports (NIX) The value of a country's total exports minus the value of its total imports.It is used to calculate a country's aggregate expenditures, or GAP, in an open economy variable A variable is any characteristics, number, or quantity that can be measured or counted. A variable may also be called a data item LAST Lot Quality Assessment Technique Work schedule A work schedule includes the days of the week and times of the day a particular employee is scheduled to work of a research or project. A nation could accelerate the rate of economic growth by promoting exports of goods and services. Remittance plays a vital role to economic development of that country.At present, Bangladesh is a good amount of remittance from export of ARM from 1970. By PAYOFF, within a span of about two decades exports have gone up to USED 4. 5 billion. Over the past decade alone, the sector registered a phenomenal growth rate of 15 percent per annu m, which is impressive. In fact, this was an exceptionally high growth rate for an emerging industry anywhere in the world. The industrial base, which sustained such high growths, also enjoyed a robust expansion, from less than 50 factories in 1983 to more than 3,400 in 2002, with the number of ARM workers reaching approximately 1. Million. Trend of period average simple growth rate of total export of Bangladesh is almost similar in two periods; 1980-90 and 1991-2004. During the whole period under consideration ready-made garments, (ARM) exports contribute lion's share (around 75 percent). For ARM export as a whole, the average annual growth rate is much higher (95. 2 percent) during the first period. Of the ARM export, the average annual Roth rate of knitwear export is much higher (74. 0 percent) during the last period as compared to woven wear.Working adolescent girls tend to avoid early marriage as they have their own source of income and are self-dependent. The mean age at marri age for girls working in ARM, factories tend to be higher than the national average. Employment opportunities especially for women created positive impact on family planning and population control in the country. Independent working-women are getting more conscious about the advantage of a small family, and are exposed to modern family planning methods.Nevertheless, repeatedly times the magnitude of its multiplier impact and implications will Justify the support that this sector has been given over the past years and the support it is currently seeking from the government. In PAYOFF Bangladesh exported ARM products worth 4. 5 billion US dollars. Her share in total US imports of apparels was 3. 2%; in EX. it was 3. 3% and in Canada it was 3. 0%. Bangladesh is known in these countries as a small country with a strong presence. This research proposal attempts to qualify the inter-relationship between Export growths of ARM and GAP of Bangladesh.

Technology Gaps and Security Strategy

Technology Gaps and Security Strategy Introduction Merger can be defined as the agreement between firms that produce similar products. When two companies merge, they combine their operations to build a stronger base. The merger of Benz and Chrysler is a typical example. This union is referred as a merger of equals. The companies have the same strengths and business orientation. While the merger talk was ongoing, issues relating to who controls the organization became the subject of debate. By the end of the merger talks, DaimlerChrysler was a firm bound to fail (Andress, 2011).Advertising We will write a custom case study sample on Technology Gaps and Security Strategy specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Key Issues/Challenges Merging IT at DaimlerChrysler The merger of DaimlerChrysler came with issues which include: Communication gaps: Before the merger, the workforce from both companies anticipated a change in culture and this change was not realized. Job cuts at Chrysler Corporation increased which led to communication gaps in the organization. Teamwork promotes efficiency; the lack of cohesion among staff of the two companies hindered the growth of DaimlerChrysler Corporation. Power control: Before the merger, Chrysler recorded profits in their stock-market due to their marketing strategy. However, Chrysler’s stock share index dropped and they conceded a great loss in their capital base after the merger. This was a result of the total control by Daimler, which introduced the German culture to its operations. This pushed away Chrysler’s customers from any business transaction with DaimlerChrysler Corporation (â€Å"National Institute of Standards and Technology,† 2009). Conflict management: The result of disagreement of which policy to adopt raised serious concerns for the management of DaimlerChrysler. The right to decide which production strategy should be used and for which market, was controlled by the Germans which added to the communication gap in the organization. Conflicting cultures: Daimler-Benz was known for their achievements in the sale of luxury cars and they had a strong business network. Thus, Daimler-Benz ranked high in the automobile business. Chrysler manufactured low -cost compact cars and minivans and they were the biggest sales company in the North America. This statistic proved that, both companies were at their best in managing the internal and external transactions in the organization. The production team of Chrysler was downsized to fit the cost-reduction strategy of the Corporation. Difference in Operation Process: The product line of DaimlerChrysler also suffered challenges. There was a conflict in decision making in regards to the brand of cars to produce and the kind of technology to introduce. Chrysler was known for a robust IT technology; the growth of her production strength lies in the efficient use of the IBMs CATIA CAD/CAM system. However, the control of the operations w as headed by the Germans and they opposed the introduction of IBMs CATIA CAD/CAM system technology. Lost in share Index from Chrysler Corporations: The merger of the two automotive giants resulted in the loss of shareholders from Chrysler Corporations. This was caused by the internal conflicts in the companies and the public perception about the merger. Executives were fired from Chrysler: Due to duplication of job description, there was a massive job cut in the organization. Although the merger was seen as a consolidation among equals, the result of the displacement proved otherwise. IT management was not centralized: The introduction of technology has reduced the shortage of information dissemination in business organizations. Nevertheless, when this technology is not centralized, it will not be useful in any business transaction Chrysler Corporations had a centralized network system until the merger with Daimler Benz. This is another challenge for the organization. Different bus iness Strategies: Culture difference between the two companies has affected their business strategy. While executives from Daimler would want to produce luxury buses, Chrysler executives would desire to have a system that produces compact cars. This difference in business strategy causes friction for the success and growth of the organization. Security Plan for DaimlerChrysler Corporation The success of DaimlerChrysler Corporation hinges on the management of all aspects of production and workforce. DaimlerChrysler would require a workable security strategy that is planned to be successful. This security strategy can be categorized into people, process and technology. The security plan as it Relates People in the Organization Job Description Technology: The management of the workforce requires careful examination. Technological efficiency would make this task simple. Each staff is trained under his or her specific job description for the growth of the organization. The executives w ould integrate this technology into the entire structure of the organization. From the head to the bottom, each staff understands what he or she has to do for the success of the firm. Information Technology: The executive of DaimlerChrysler must update her information technology, to link each department to the information network. This would encourage communication in the organization and remove speculation and rumours. Information would be shared equally among the workforce and this would boost team spirit among the staff. Teamwork is an important key to success in a corporate organization. The diversified culture in the organization will be reduced with an updated information technology. The security plan as it relates Process and Technology in the Organization Centralized Information Technology: The key to success in an automobile industry is an effective business strategy. The business strategy will match market trends and would serve as a competitive advantage over similar co mpetitors. Information technology would assist in tracking customers demand and desire. Information would be collected from different regions of the company, transferred to a centralized system that would be used for decision making. The kind of automobile to produce would be decided with an updated information system. This will reduce the problem of cultural conflict in the organization (â€Å"National Institute of Standards and Technology,† 2010). An Updated Storage and Security Technology: The cornerstone for every success story hinges on the integrity of the organization. The integrity of DaimlerChrysler Corporation is strengthened with customer confidentiality. Information transfer is managed through secured channels and firewalls. An updated security technology would help reduce risk encountered in the organization. The information gathered are kept as confidential files and accessed only by authorized people. The login system is encrypted with security measures to redu ce security breach from unauthorized use. A Proposed Timeline for Addressing each Element of the Security Strategy The problems encountered in the merger of Benz and Chrysler would not benefit the organization. The proposed security plan as it relates to people, process and technology in the merger must be implemented immediately. The cost of expansion must be introduced in the next budget and the funds for acquiring a secured technological firewall must be released immediately. The training of staff in the organization in his or her job description should be implemented immediately. The management must unify the workforce and approve rewards that would motivate the employees for efficiency. Estimates for Implementing Recommended Strategies, with Rationale Using the appropriate timeline, the Corporation would deliver 98% success with the recommendations. When these recommendations are partly implemented, there would be partial growth of the organization and by estimation it would a mount to 30% success. If these recommendations are not implemented, there would be no change in the organization and it would be a setback for the firm. The success of the merger should be an advantage for Daimler and Chrysler, and this becomes a collective objective of the Corporation. Recommendation Regarding the Next Steps to take on Mitigating Risks Identified The security strategies analyzed for the organization, are highly effective and achievable when implemented. These recommendations were carefully examined without prejudice. The challenges facing the merger of the two automotive giants were analyzed and the solutions reached were workable and could be carried out within the next business season. I assure you that these recommendations would stand the test of time in years to come and would be the cornerstone to the achievements of the organization.Advertising Looking for case study on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Conclusion The merger between Daimler and Chrysler would be successful when the solutions to challenges studied in the cased study are fully implemented. The goal of the merger is to cut cost of production, operations and reduce the cost of research and production. However, the equality of the merger must be reflected in management and the structure of the organization. The success of a merger depends on unity of management, harmony of operations and efficiency in the organization’s cultural integration. References Andress, J. (2011). The Basics of Information Security: Understanding the Fundamentals of InfoSec in Theory and Practice. Amsterdam: Elsevier. National Institute of Standards and Technology: Guide for Applying the Risk Management Framework to Federal Information Systems (2009). NIST Special Publication 800-37 Revision 1. Retrieved from https://csrc.nist.gov/publications/detail/sp/800-37/rev-1/final National Institute of Standards and Technology: Recommended Security Controls for Federal Information Systems and Organization (2010). NIST Special Publication 800-53 Revision 3. Retrieved from https://csrc.nist.gov/publications/detail/sp/800-53/rev-3/archive/2010-05-01

How Sunscreen SPF Is Measured

How Sunscreen SPF Is Measured SPF (Sun Protection Factor) is a multiplication factor you can use to determine how long you can stay out in the sun before getting a sunburn. If you normally can stay out 10 minutes before burning, a sunscreen with an SPF of 2 will let you stay out twice as long, or 20 minutes, before feeling the burn. An SPF of 70 will let you stay out 70 times longer than if you had no protection (or 700 minutes in this example, which would be over 11 hours or a full day). How Is SPFDetermined? Think SPF is a  calculated value or an experimental lab value, based on how much ultraviolet light penetrates a coating of sunscreen? Nope! SPF is determined using human experimentation. The test involves fair-skinned volunteers (people who burn most quickly). They apply the product and bake in the sun until they start to fry.   What about water resistant? For a sunscreen to be marketed as water resistant, the time required to burn must be the same before and after two consecutive 20 minute soaks in a Jacuzzi. The SPF factors are calculated by rounding down the time required to burn; however, you may get a false sense of protection from an SPF because the amount of sunscreen used in the tests is a lot more product than the average person uses. The tests use 2 milligrams of formula per square centimeter of skin. Thats like using a quarter of an 8-oz bottle of sunscreen for a single application. Still... a high SPF confers more protection than lower SPF.  How Sunless Tanning Works | How Sunscreen Works

Colonization of Mexican Americans in the United States Essay

Colonization of Mexican Americans in the United States - Essay Example (p. 303) Being a major minority group, Mexican Americans are now facing different challenges coping with contemporary American society, given that the nation is still fairly divided regarding the policies on ethnic minorities and immigrants in the United States. As stated by Healy (2006), â€Å"Of all the challenges confronting the United States today, those relating to minority groups continue to be among the most urgent and the most daunting† (p. xix). In this case, this paper aims to look into the different issues faced by Mexican Americans in the United States, in the context of them being a major minority group in this ethnically-diverse country. Specifically, this paper would try to glance into the following controversial issues: the historical background of Mexican colonization in the United States; of Mexican immigration into the United States (both in â€Å"legal† and â€Å"illegal† immigrants); major socioeconomic indicators of Mexican Americans (especi ally poverty), and the conditions of Mexican culture and ethnicity in the context of a multiracial society. In order to understand better the social context of Mexican American minority groups in the United States, it is important to look at the historical context of Mexican colonization and immigration in the country. ... e of the first Mexican presidents, the former rebel general Santa Ana† actually lost it â€Å"to the United States after a two-year war that ended in 1848† (Geographia.com, 2008). This may be one reason why, even up to the present, most Americans of Hispanic descent lives in this region, and why most Mexican Americans choose to migrate in the southwestern part of the United States. One of the main motivations why dominant group Americans conquered this area in the 19th century is because they actually needed a â€Å"cheap labor force in agriculture, ranching, mining, railroad construction, and other areas of dominant group economy in the Southwest† (Healy, 2006, p. 306). Also, because of the proximity of Mexico to the United States, there was a constant population movement across the border (Healy, 2006, p. 306). It can be seen therefore that the presence of many Mexican Americans in the American southwest, as well as their continued immigration into the area, has been largely due to both historical circumstances and economic conditions as major motive factors. This would continue to the trend as Mexican legal immigration, as well as â€Å"illegal immigration† into the United States, would continue well into the present. Concerning the immigration of Mexican Americans into the United States, Healy (2006) actually argues that By and large, the policies of the federal government have responded to these (immigration) conditions and have encouraged immigration during good times and clamped down during bad times (p. 310). As described in the history of Mexican Americans in the United States, dominant groups actually had the initiative of conquering parts of Mexico in the Mexican-American War (which later became the American Southwest), and used its population to serve as

Policy Responses during the Great Recession Assignment

Policy Responses during the Great Recession - Assignment Example It is apparent that the increase in the prices of houses was the major problematic condition of the housing market. This was because the financial institutions wanted to raise funds that would enable them to remain in operation after the economic recession period (USC Price, n.p). The major policy initiatives that were implemented by HUD during the Great Recession era included increase home ownership by supporting various programs such as Fannie and Freddie, State HFA, Emergency Homeowners Loan Program and First-time homebuyer Tax Credit among others (USC Price, n.p). The purposes of supporting such initiatives were to offer financial assistance to the citizens to enable them either buy homes or settle debts. The effects were to maintain the circulation of money to avoid inflation and shortage of funds that would affect the economy. This also helped companies to continue to offer their services to homeowners and other stakeholders since they had the money to pay their suppliers (USC Price, n.p). One of the policy initiatives that were implemented during the Great Recession was the introduction of the HARP and HAMP. For instance, HAMP was designed to assist the homeowners who were suffering from extreme payment burdens. Alternatively, HARP helped in offering relief for homeowners to earn extra disposal income (USC Price, n.p). This took place through reduction of the interest rates to allow the homeowners save some cash for other purposes. One of the problematic conditions was that it only helped a few households, instead of tackling the universal problem across the country. Another problem was that the government was not running it and relied on lenders in which uninterested parties rejected it. The major interest groups were the homeowners, lenders and private sector operators (USC Price, n.p). The project did not achieve the expected results because the lenders rejected it since it took long to materialize. Another ineffectiveness is